Mozart Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Mozart Argumentative Essay The old style time frame delivered more instrumental than vocal music, a riches ofserious and comic dramas just as vocal strict music likewise showed up duringthis time(Ferris, 231). Extraordinary compared to other arranger of this time was WolfgangAmadeus Mozart. In this paper I will experience his youth, his companions andfamily, and obviously his music. Appreciate!!! Offspring of the Enlightenment The worldthat Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart entered ceremoniously in 1756 was overflowing inchange. History specialists allude to this period as the Age of Enlightenment, one ofunparalleled logical, philosophical, and political mature. Inside Mozartslifetime it set moving powers that would on a very basic level modify life inhis local, Salzburg, yet in addition around the world. The Enlightenment was not, tobe sure, a vote based development. In France, the absolutism of the Sun King, LouisXIV, proceeded under Louis XV and XVI. Yet, in Austria, Empress Maria Theresaintroduced a more noteworthy proportion of resistance and opportunity among her subjects, layinga establishment for the equitable upsets that followed. Wolfgangs fatherLeopold originated from a group of Augsburg bookbinders. He got a strong Jesuiteducation, more learned than outreaching following a year at the BenedictineUniversity in close by Salzburg; Leopold quit going to classes to seek after acareer as a performer. Leopold figured as Mozarts most significant firstmodel. He showed his child the piano and composition(Mercardo 763). Wolfgangs mother Anna-Maria brought as much ability to her 32-year marriage asdid Leopold. Despite the fact that denied of conventional instruction, she was profoundly intelligentand savvy characteristics that pulled in the calm and saved Leopold. Just two of their seven youngsters endure outset. Wolfgangs musicallytalented sister Nannerl was five years more established. However in this work of art, the 12-year-old resembles an old maid of seventycomplete with growing twofold jawline. Wolfgang, as well, looks far more established than his 7 years, and controls the activity fromhis place at its inside. The Child Prodigy Indeed, Mozart denotes the start ofthe Western interest with the youngster wonder. Wearing the happy outfitgiven Wolfgang in 1762 by the Empress Maria Theresa, this kid of not exactly sevenyears old looks, for all the world, similar to a smaller than expected grown-up who has simplyskipped adolescence. Mozart was definitely mindful of his extraordinary capacity, whichhad been encouraged and rutted in him by his dad from a very earlyage(Schroter). Other nineteenth-century craftsmen representedWolfgangvariously said to be somewhere in the range of 11 to 14 as a wavy bolted heavenly attendant. For them, by what other means could the heavenly music that spilled out of a youngster size bodybe clarified? The admiration of Mozarts virtuoso was finished by the end ofthe nineteenth century. Mozart forms with his violin in one hand and musichas showed up marvelously on his substitute the other. The message isunmistakable: Mortals use plumes, Mozart just wills(Solomon) On the RoadThe impulse to take his two wonders out and about demonstrated overpowering toLeopold, who accepted sole accountability for Mozarts training. Between 1762and 1766, the Mozarts showed up at pretty much every significant court in Europe. Wolfgangdazzled crowds with his capacity to peruse troublesome music at sight and toimprovise. In London, as somewhere else, the Mozarts fraternized with the leadingmusicians. Likely the most significant of these was Johann Christian Bach, theyoungest child of Johann Sebastian. It is no mishap that Mozarts earlysymphonies, formed in London, are regularly elaborately undefin ed fromthose of J. C. Bach. At the point when Mozart was 13, his ability as a console player,violinist, improviser, and arranger were at that point unbelievable. At the point when Mozart was21 he composed Paris Symphony, N31 while he was in Paris searching for a musicposition. He was altogether disappointed with the French and theirmusic(Internet). From 1768 to 1775, between remains in Salzburg, he and Leopoldmade three further attacks to Italy and Germany. Wolfgang advanced from a prodigyinto a genuine writer. Open Successes A self-assured Mozart guaranteed hisfather in 1782 that he would have the option to help a spouse and family in Vienna, Asa result which he called Clavierland. Of its prior demolition, thedominant design style in Vienna is Baroque, supported during the 1700s by aninflux of Italian stone carvers, plaster laborers, and painters. The dominantarchitect and building antiquarian was Italian-prepared Johann Fischer vonErlach(1656-1723), whose thickly enhanced structur es despite everything stand apart today. Free Romeo and Juliets - Tragic Hero Romeo J EssayPiano Concerto: One of the open types of instrumental music developed byMozart in Vienna. Mozart can, for every single useful reason for existing, be credited with theinvention of the Classical piano concerto. Antonio Salieri: Italian composer(1750-1825) who burned through the greater part of his vocation in Vienna and got one of its mostinfluential artists. So affectionate was the ruler, Joseph II, of Salieri that hebecame known as the melodic pope. Salieri was most importantly an operacomposer, however an impressively less inventive one than Mozart. Both Ludwig vanBeethoven and Franz Schubert concentrated with Salieri. Joseph Haydn: Austriancomposer (1732-1809) whose eighteenth-century distinction obscured that of Mozart. In contrast to Mozart, Haydn was a generally slow developer, making generally out of hisimportant music after the age of 35 (at which age Mozart was dead). Haydn playeda fundamental job in the improvement of the ensemble and the string group of four. Hisfriendship with Mozart from ca. 1781 on was significant to the melodic developmentof the two arrangers. Outline: The world that Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart enteredunceremoniously in 1756 was inundated with change. Students of history allude to this period as theAge of Enlightenment. To be sure, Mozart denotes the start of the Westernfascination with the kid wonder. The romanticizing of Mozarts virtuoso wascomplete before the finish of the nineteenth century. Somewhere in the range of 1762 and 1766, theMozarts showed up at pretty much every significant court in Europe. Wolfgang dazzledaudiences with his capacity to peruse troublesome music at sight and to improviseFour of his operasThe Abduction from the Seraglio(1782), The Marriage ofFiga ro(1786), Don Giovanni(1787), and Cos fan tutte(1790) were debuted orperformed in the lofty Burgtheater. At that point Mozart met Haydn; we don't knowthe event on which Mozart initially experienced Joseph Haydn. In Haydn, he notonly found an author whose accomplishments were on a level with his own, yet awarm and thoughtful companion in whom he could trust. In the harvest time of 1791,Mozarts wellbeing turned out to be dynamically more awful. He kicked the bucket on December 5, 1791, andwas covered in a beggar grave. Life stories

Reflection paper9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflection paper9 - Essay Example es around that situation, evaluating how individuals would go on without oil, similar to transportation gets influenced, the expense of oil rises, food gets influenced and even schools are shut down. Hence, Jane’s center is more around causing individuals to understand the estimation of things, which we take in all actuality, and afterward to figure out how to get by without those things. Then again, Brenda portrays a story, including her little girl; Brenda got some information about what she realized in school, and her girl enlightened her regarding the Middle Passage, however the manner in which she clarified her mom the chronicled occasion, it resembled she didn’t handle its genuine importance. In this way, Brenda accepts that computer games can be utilized to delineate chronicled occasions, with the goal that kids can all the more likely comprehend what they are realizing at school and would have the option to disclose to others as well. This is the means by which diverse Jane and Brenda are, in their mission to change the world, with the assistance of games. This is a site, which is created to support youngsters and educators learn subjects, through an alternate and appealing way. There are numerous subjects on this site like unknown dialect, music, language, expressions and math. On this site, there are addresses for every one of the subjects referenced and the most intriguing thing are the video addresses, which offer to both the educator and the understudy. There are livelinesss found on the site, which are created by specialists and these movements can draw in the crowd. In this way, in the event that educators utilize these assets, at that point understudies would learn various ideas all the more effectively and the visuals would likewise assist them with holding data. This site is an incredible apparatus for sharing thoughts and changing mentalities of understudies, towards examines. There are gatherings identified with training on this site, it makes exercises which can be shared and there is an entire library of them on the site, comprising of assets and connections. The most fascinating thing here is that the client can share talks and recordings utilizing social

Comunication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comunication - Essay Example It is evident that he utilizes Ethos very well in reprimanding the present government and its advocates, demonstrating every one of its disappointments and absence of promise to serve the enthusiasm of the normal American individuals. He doesn't just credit this to the legislature as an establishment alone, yet additionally moves a nearer relationship of these disappointments to the Democrat party, which he sees unfit for the individuals. This, he does in the accompanying perceptions that he makes, which he accepts had an elective way out that would have seen the conditions and events become increasingly ideal. The disappointment of the legislature was in the taxation rate that was presented on the individuals that was 33% of the National pay; the country had an obligation adding up to one and half more than the obligation of the considerable number of nations on the planet joined and there were numerous passings of the American warriors in the Vietnam War. He blamed the individuals for the present government, the president comprehensive of disregarding the American individuals and the Nations constitution, through addresses and expressions that were soaked up with mockery. He saw that the legislature had alluded to the American individuals as the â€Å"Masses† and the constitution as this â€Å"Restrictive document,† just to later allude the individuals as the â€Å"greater society† (Michael, 3).All this was intended to show that the present government didn't maintain the enthusiasm of the individuals at its center guideline and possibly thought of them as significant when they employed the monstrous democratic force. The disregard of the country’s constitution was something that was commensurate to maltreatment of the people’s opportunity and freedom that had been hard won by their ancestors in the American war of autonomy. He refered to the powerlessness of the legislature to control the economy, with a case of its inclusion in ranch economy, in that the expense of this homestead economy program had nearly multiplied. He blamed the rival for Barry Goldwater, who was from the Democrat

5 Things Colleges Look For in a College Essay

HomeApply5 Things Colleges Look For in a College EssayThis page may contain affiliate links.Oct 11, 2019Think of the college application process as a video game, and the dreaded college essay is the dragon that needs to be slayed. Most essays are typical and, frankly, boring. Students have no clue what to write that will wow admissions staff and faculty members from hundreds of other essays they will read. But the personal essay, as the essay guidance professionals at Prompt liketo emphasize, doesn’t have to be that terrifying a beast if your student holds the keys to writing one that will stand out from all of the rest. Most colleges and universities look for five traits in a student essay. Once a student picks one or two of these to focus on in their essay, they are on the writing path to a stellar essay that describes exactly who they are and why they would be an asset to a college. How To Write A College Essay Here are 5 essential traits of a compelling college essay. Your essay doesnt need to have all 5, but college admissions officers look for at least one of these traits or possibly two. 1. Drive Think self-motivation. Sure, any student can list achievements, but that’s not what the admissions gurus are looking for in an essay. They want to read about the down times when a student has failed. Yes, really. Is there a time when a student has struggled, only to reboot, conquer, and win the situation? That student has initiative and courage. When times get hard, a student can pick themselves up and carry on while learning invaluable life lessons. A student should show what they learned from that experience and how it made them the person that they are today. For example, a student’s story could even focus on athletics, which isnt usually a recommended essay topic unless an athlete went through transformation. One football player was placed in a position he didn’t want. He knew he wasn’t good enough to play the position he wanted. What did he do? He spent the summer studying videos, learning the position and practicing skills. Ultimately, he got the position. With his hard work, he could show drive and personal growth in an essay. 2. Intellectual curiosity Does a student like to learn independently away from the classroom? Is your student always watching YouTube videos in their free time or hanging out after school asking the teacher tons of questions? Has your child always conquered homework without having to be pushed? Maybe your student is fascinated with a topic, talks endlessly about it, and has a solution to a problem that he/she wants to achieve while in college like a public transportation problem. Yes, that’s intellectual curiosity. 3. Initiative A student with initiative does not accept the status quo. This student may have an entrepreneurial spirit, starting a business, new organization, or event at school like a slam poetry night or an IT group. If they join an existing group, they may think: How can I make this group better and stronger? A student should consider this question: If I was not in this organization, how would it be different? The student should seriously think about the impact they had while writing their essay. A student was involved in Quiz bowl, and she tried various ways to improve her team’s ability to win. Her methods worked, and she began tutoring other students about Quiz bowl. Her efforts had a quantifiable impact on her team, which could be summarized in a few words in an essay. 4. Contribution Has a student made a contribution that has improved their community, their peers’ lives, school, or an organization? If students are focusing on this topic, they should discuss not just their contributions but how they impacted the people they helped. If a student spent many hours during high school feeding the homeless, they made a contribution to their community for the better. Did they friend a homeless person and help them get assistance? That student shouldn’t simply say they helped the homeless. They should tell about an interaction or experience they had while they were giving something back to their community that says why a college would want them on their campus. 5. Diversity of experiences All students have various life experiences and ways of looking at the world. How can these experiences add to campus life and the student body? Maybe a student spent a summer interning with an award-winning artist or on a political campaign. Another example? A student was bullied because of their gender identity. That student could discuss some anecdotes that helped them grow. They could attend a college and assist with gender issues. If a student comes from an ethnic background, they could write about their heritage and how that has transformed them into the person they are today. A simple family tradition – making tortillas from a centuries old recipes – could be just the hook a college is waiting to read. A student doesn’t have to hit all of these traits in an essay. Two or three will work. Every student has an unparalleled story that should showcase their shining personality and unique interests. Students should remember to tell a story, and not merely recite a resume. Be authentic and honest, not fake and obnoxious. That truthfulness will likely woo college admissions staff and faculty. Getting Help On How To Write A College Application Essay Does this all sound overwhelming? Is your student procrastinating because they are paralyzed by the thought of even beginning an essay? Prompt can help. In their experiencethis is a team that has reviewed more than 30,000 college essays and has helped students get into every top-50 university and earn millions in scholarships We decided to exclusively partner with Prompt to offer essay guidance because we believe their experience and insights from working with thousands of students and reviewing tens of thousands of essays is unmatched. Theyve taken all this knowledge and put it in an easy to use platform with simple to follow exercises to get students started in the right direction on their college essays. Prompt has found that the #1 reason for essay procrastination is that students dont feel confident in getting started – i.e. they arent sure what to write about and how to structure it. The best way to get started is to help the student decide what to write about in an essay. Some great free tools are within the content menu of a Prompt account atprompt.com/road2college. They make it easy to start, improve, and complete compelling college essays even offering live coaching calls with the student to help them begin. Their mantra? Write better college essays in less time with feedback and editing from top writing professionals. Prompt was founded by three MIT graduates who share a passion for helping students improve their writing. They connect students with top writing professionals who provide affordable AND actionable college essay guidance and feedback that is tailored to how a student writes. Do not fear the college essay! Yes, it’s an endeavor but one that can be conquered with proper planning and help.

Performance between Islamic bank performance and commercial banks - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1522 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Banks are a one of vital institution in the development of an economy (Jairus 2007), since they are the key drivers of the economy in terms of ensuring that the financial system is running and there is money in circulation (Ayub 2007). From the primitive set-up, that was banks in the past, to the present set up of the same, banks have continued to demonstrate their pivotal role in ensuring that businesses are conducted through the provision of credits, savings facilities, safe holdings, intermediary in local and international transactions and even advisory roles (Mahlknecht, 2009). Some of the best known banks in the world like Barclays and HSBC have been in operations for many years (Rahman 2010) and are hence shaping the way in which business is conducted, by shown the best practices in the banking sector. Unlike the other sectors of the economy, banks operate on two fundamental different rules, first, banks hold money and monetary instruments and they trade on these as opposed to the other businesses which operate on other forms of goods and services against money, secondly, banks mainly operate in liabilities and not assets and their strength is indirectly gauged by this (Jairus 2007), for instance, banks take up deposits from investors and account holders (this is a liability that the banks undertake to keep other peoples money) and using this money, the banks lend to borrowers and other banks and charge interest on the same therefore, they create a financial system that is developed on the basis of liabilities (Akgunduz 2009). This mode of trading is what separates the banks from the other financial institutions and as such make the banks to be increasingly relied upon by other stakeholders in the business environment (Rahman 2010). The increased usage of money as opposed to the old aged barter system has also made the banks to be imported in all major activities of selling and buying of goods and services and in reality, riches and success are measured in terms of money (Iqbal , Llewellyn 2002, Timur 2005). As stated earlier, the normal or conventional banking system is based on the premise of interest charges that the banks have to levy in order to remain in trade, and therefore, different banks have in the recent past, made significant effort to tailor their products in such a way that the interests and other charges will be accumulated and contribute to their profits (Mahlknecht, 2009). This is not to say that interests alone make their profits, since, according to Ayub (2007), profits can also in increased by identifying the business units that require cuts and implementing these cuts. Now, the conventional way of trading as given above, is mainly based on the Western worlds model of banking which to some extent is hinged on Capitalism and has been called by (Akgunduz 2009) as a simple way to rip other off. This does not really fell well with certain ideological leanings and certainly not with th e Islamic ideology, which mainly advocates welfare and support to the have nots by the haves, and on this premise, the banks have a duty to provide to those who are lacking (Jaffer 2005). According to Islamic teachings the Riba and usury or interest is not to be levied and is prohibited in certain terms hence it is Haraam unfair or prohibited (Timur 2005). However, this concept seem to have started just in the near past, since according to Lewis , Algaoud (2001) , a look at the works of Qureshi Annwar (1946), Naiem Siddiqi (1948) and Mahmud Ahmad (1952) show a tendency to profit sharing and not interest charges, so the company is expected not to charge interest as a way of sharing its profits (Schoon 2009). The first Islamic bank was later on formed in Egypt, but this was held secret for fear of being seen as an Islamic fundamental group and this was in 1975 (Rahman 2010). At present Islamic banking institution are worth about $400 billion and Saudi Arabia has world known ban ks like the Al Rajhi, and the bank Mellat. Being an Islamic nation as most of the MENA region (Middle East and North Africa) , it could only follow that it is a good idea to ensure that this banking concept develops in this region to serve those clients in a way that responds to their religious needs (Hassan, Lewis, 2007). This is not to say that Islamic banks can run in isolation, especially in the wake of international business and with the recent accession of KSA to the World Trade Organisation (WTO), thereby making business between KSA and the world to increase (Rosly, 2006), besides, KSA is the largest producer of crude oil (Timur 2005), which is a product in demand all over the world and in this inter-national trade, banks must act as underwriters or even agents to the buyers and sellers (Hassan , Lewis 2007). Also, according to (Jaffer 2005), and as seen earlier, Islamic banks have been developed along the principles of conventional banks with a few but important differ ences. From an investors point of view, the choice of investing in an Islamic bank or a conventional commercial bank in KSA is therefore an issue that requires careful thought (Timur 2005), this is because, while an assumption can be made that being an Islamic bank in an Islamic nation, there are obvious advantages to the investor (Pock 2007), this assumption may be disputed, since, in the same environment, the conventional commercial banks may ensure that they counter the advantages of Islamic banks with tailor made products that respond to the clients needs and therefore, they may be more beneficial to the clients (Lewis , Algaoud 2001). It also depends on what the investor is looking for, because, individual investors like the corporate investors have varied investment objectives, and while it can be said that in general, corporate investors may be patient and hence looking for long-term investment, individual investors may need quick benefits (Mahlknecht, 2009). Again, suppos e the investors are considering monetary benefits, which is often the case for many (Khan 2010), what banking concept are they likely to invest in and at what investing limit (threshold or minimum investment) must they commit in order to achieve their objectives? (Iqbal , Llewellyn 2002). THE PROBLEM These are important questions that have driven the interest in conducting this study. The researcher wishes to find out what bank or banking concept is more likely to benefit investors. In this context, investors will be viewed as individual investors who have the power to save their money in the hope of achieving certain benefits in due time. According to (Akgunduz 2009), and also (Rosly, 2006), there is a need to find out what might motivate investors to consider investing in Islamic banks, even though, the concept of interest is forbidden and hence they are unlikely to earn any, or what might motivate them to invest in conventional commercial banks although there are charges and minimum amounts to be invested to realise some benefits. It is therefore important to ensure that a comparative analysis is conducted between Islamic and Conventional Commercial banks is undertaken with a view to fully establish the major differences in various operational aspects of these banks and also to evaluate what banking concept of the two would be most beneficial to the investors. Hypothesis: In this study, the research is based on the premise that conventional banks still provide the best option to investors compared with Islamic banks and that as time goes by and competition in the banking sector increases, there appears to be more differences between the operations of these banks as each bank seeks to provide more diverse products and services to their clients. The research sought to evaluate the following research questions; Are there fundamental differences between Conventional commercial and Islamic banks? What are they? What are the differences in operations of Islamic and Conventional commercial banks, in KSA? What are the monetary benefits to the investors in the Islamic and Conventional banks in KSA? What banking concept would you consider for the investor in KSA in terms the general benefits? The following objectives have been evaluated: Identifying the operational differences between Islamic and conventional banks in KSA. This involves an investigation into the functional areas of these banks as they seek to get and keep their clients including other functions that support business both locally and internationally. Discuss the performance between the Islamic and commercial banks in KSA: In this section, the financial ratios will be evaluated including liquidity, gearing and profitability ratios. Assessing the monetary benefits to the investors in investing in either Conventional or Islamic banks in the KSA. Assessing and recommending the best banking concept to the investor in terms of the long t erm, and short term benefits: In this section the research considered the issues of interest, duration, benefits of tailor made banking to the investors, other collateral benefits that say and account holder would be given, that non account holder would not have. The Scope: This research will mainly consider investment benefits while comparing the banking sector in KSA with relations to the banking conventions in the KSA. The focus will be on KSA, which has strong Islamic and Conventional banking sectors. CHAPTER 2 2.1 LITERATURE 2.2. METHODOLOGY CHAPTER 3 3.1 METHODOLOGY 3.2 CASES AND ANALYSIS CHAPTER 4 4,1 PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGY CHAPTER 5 5.1 DISCUSSION 5.2 CONCLUSION CHAPTER 6 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Performance between Islamic bank performance and commercial banks" essay for you Create order

The Reconstruction Era - 990 Words

The Reconstruction Era was from around 1865-1877, during that time many laws were passed to break down the color barrier. The 13th Amendment which officially abolished slavery and involuntary servitude was passed on April 8th, 1864. Then came the 14th Amendment passed on July 9th, 1868 which granted citizenship to everyone born in the U.S. Finally came the 15th Amendment passed in 1870 which gave freedmen the right to vote and could not be denied on account of race or previous condition of servitude. There were many cases of brutality against African Americans after the Emancipation Proclamation and following the Reconstruction Era but why did Boyle pick this story and this case? Unlike most accounts you hear which end with the individuals being killed this story ends on a somewhat better note. If one were just to skim a majority of the book they would get the gist of what it was about and even then would be moved, but still left unhappy because of the wretched state in which Ossian was left in. However, if someone was to read the book thoroughly they would be able to see exactly why Boyle picked this story. The tale of Ossian Sweet is in depth and complex; it goes over a lot of his life and experiences. On some occasions it depicts how Ossian gained freedom and opportunities new to him, although with each new freedom society and other variables made those accomplishments less satisfying. It is not apparent if Boyle believes the Reconstruction Era was a ‘failure’ but it isShow MoreRelatedReconstruction Of The Reconstruction Era1587 Words   |  7 PagesThe Reconstruction Era was known as a time to reconstruct the United States of America by the expansion of governmental power that began in 1865. â€Å"There were two central problems that animated Reconstruction; providing justice for freedmen and facilitating national reconciliation. (A New Birth of Freedom, pg. 1) After the 12 year span, reconstructing the nation succeeded in only a few of the goals that were set out to achieve within those 12 years that it was in progress. The Reconstruction’s intentionsRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Reconstruction Era1473 Words   |  6 PagesThe reconstruction era was a time that then affected America in positive facets and negative aspects as well, and still affects America today. Thanks to the reconstruction era, there are several implementations that geared the world on the path in which it is today. Had it not been for some of the laws that were set in place African Americans may have not had many of the opportunities that were presented during the reconstruction period, therefore the years of oppression and cruelty might still beRead MoreHistoriography of the Reconstruction Era2240 Words   |  9 PagesRiham Elshazli Professor Clement Price Civil War and the Reconstruction 12/11/12 Historiography of the Reconstruction Era At a time when America was trying to piece itself back together, the Reconstruction Era is one of the most important chapters in history. It is also, however, one of the most debated. After the Civil War, the South was devastated and thousands of freed slaves needed to be integrated into society. When Andrew Johnson took office, he was moderate in his views as to what shouldRead MoreThe Reconstruction Era And The Jim Crow Era1525 Words   |  7 PagesThe Reconstruction Era and The Jim Crow Era were both times of Rapid growth in the United States that were characterized by changes not only on the intrapersonal level, but also on the cultural and legislative level. The Reconstruction Era occurred directly after the civil war and spanned twelve years from 1865 to 1877 , while the Jim Crow Era occurred from 1877 to 1954. Some of the common themes of these eras were race relations and tension between northern states and southern states. The firstRead MoreThe During The Reconstruction E ra989 Words   |  4 Pages During the Reconstruction era which occurred after the Civil War there was animosity between the states as well as the debate over how freed slaves should be dealt with in terms of becoming citizens with the same rights as the Constitution provided for whites. 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The North and the South were fighting against each other, with the Confederate States fighting for secession and slavery, and the Union fighting for an in tact country. Abraham Lincoln, the newly elected president, was against secession and blatantly stated so in his inaugural address, â€Å"A husband and wife may be divorced, but the different parts of our nationRead MoreThe Word Reconstruction Era984 Words   |  4 PagesIn the United States history, the word Reconstruction Era has been considered in two intellects: the first comprises the comprehensive history of the whole country during the period of 1865 to 1877 subsequent to the Civil War; the second sense emphases on the alteration of the Southern United States, as engaged by Congress, from 1863 to 1877, with the rebuilding of society and state. Two men appeared as the foremost applicants in the 1876 election: Samuel J. Tilden who was a Democrat and RutherfordRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Reconstruction Era1303 Words   |  6 PagesThe Reconstruction Era America was in disarray following the events of the Civil War. Southern economy was in shambles while congress was struggling to find a middle ground between the radical republicans and Lincoln’s lenient policies. Many Southerners faced the aftermath of uprooting their society and their way of life while thousands of newly freed slaves struggled to find a way to support themselves. The country needed a strong leader, however on the 14th of April, 1865 President Lincoln wasRead MoreAfrican Americans in the Reconstruction Era1518 Words   |  7 PagesThe Reconstruction era was put into effect by Congress in 1866 and lasted until 1877. Reconstruction was aimed at reorganizing the Southern states after the Civil War. The reconstruction plan granted the means for readmitting the southern states into the Union, and tried to come up with the methods by which whites and blacks could live together in a non-slave society. Americas position as a country was established on principles of freedom but those beliefs were weakened by slavery. At the end

Should You Agitate Innovate Or Orchestrate -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Should You Agitate Innovate Or Orchestrate? Answer: Introduction There are millions of social issues dug deep in our society, few of them surface every now and then. However, only a few manage to erupt out loud and spread their lava across an entire geography. What is central to note is that this eruption does not happen overnight solely on the basis of passion, rather it requires strong determination, consistent efforts, effective leadership, efficient management transparent communication. This report throws light on the leadership that makes way for a social revolution. The leadership of a social movement is unique from the leadership that we see in organizations today. There can rarely be a single leader to bring about a change alone. Such movements often require an agitator, an innovator and an orchestrator. An agitator notices a problem in the society and communicates it to the public at large. Innovators strategize and devise unique ways and an action plan to bring that change. Lastly, orchestrators carry out that action plan through effici ent coordination among various stakeholders of the movement (HBX, 2017). Every successful societal change movement starts with an agitation, followed up effective innovation, leading up to planned orchestration and finally resulting in the adoption of desired change. This report has established various characteristics of these three leadership styles, the importance of communication in each leadership style as well as the challenges face by them all. Styles of leadership There have been many great leaders across the globe who are renowned for their actions but either of these leaders have hardly stirred things solely by their might. Hence, after detailed research and analysis, it has been established that any societal change that takes place at a grand scale, requires three kinds of leaders whose characteristics and roles are explained as below (Stanford social Innovation Review, 2017). Agitator Agitator is the person who identifies a problem and spreads awareness about the existence of the problem to a wider audience. The agitator is the beginning of every societal revolution because it is the agitator who has first set eyes on the problem (Rucht, 2012). As a leader, agitators have an inquisitive mind and are highly optimistic. They believe in breaking the barriers of status quo and bringing about change in the society. Agitators have a sense of initiation and excellent leadership qualities. They believe strongly in making the first move towards any change and being the trailblazer for the change. Agitators are ideally orators and possess excellent communication skills. It is inherent in them to be able to persuade and convince people with their words and actions (Stewart Smith, 2012). Their communication in terms of their speech as well as their body language is largely flamboyant. They easily become the center of attention and when they speak people tend to listen carefully. It is highly significant for an agitator of any social movement to have immense knowledge about the issue (Toch, 2013). They must also work upon building deep relationships and take leverage of their strong network as and when required. Agitators are known for bringing diverse people together against a common problem. Their skills are able to convince people that the problem in reference requires attention, modification as well as mutual action. Agitators marketing sure that they communicate in a manner that demonstrates that the problem faced in genuine and affects everyone equally. They ensure that people feel that the problem affects everyone and hence everyone must work towards changing it. Agitators stir the movement in the very initial stage. Another characteristic of agitators is their consistent ability to raise their voice in case of a problem rather than adjusting to it. Hence they are crucial to initiate and bring about any social change in the society since they take the first step in making that change. Innovator Once the problem has been identified and communicated to the public at large by the agitators, the innovators come into the picture and work upon taking the first step to solving the problem. As the name indicates, innovators gauge the current situation, identify the best way ahead to deal with the situation and innovate a unique strategy to accomplish it. The solution of the problems identified by agitators is devised by the innovators. As leaders, innovators are highly motivated and tremendously creative. They have a tendency to forecast the upcoming situations and work towards changing them to the best of their ability (Dhomne Hall, 2012). In the process of selecting the best alternative to any given problem, it is imperative that the innovators possess the necessary convincing skills and abilities of persuasion in order to attract a wider audience and instil their belief in the movement. Innovators are largely creative and have tendency as well as the ability to think out of the box (Chatterjee, 2014). They believe in finding the solution to every problem. They are often deep thinkers and efficient decision makers. They have a vibrant personality and hence they are able to create a trail of believers who execute their ideas. Innovators are visionaries and hence they see a clear picture about the future. They are well aware of their consequences and take calculated decisions. They are crucial to any movement because absence of innovation forms the backbone of any societal change. It is important that the innovators can anticipate roadblocks in their movement well in advance and can hence prepare for them. There are many decisions that must be taken by the innovators at the drop of a hat and hence they must be calculated, informed, prepared as well as possess a can-do attitude. The innovators are passionate about the cause and therefore they work towards bringing the desired change at any cost. In order to ensure that the ideas they formulate are executable, the innovators are practical in their thoughts and well aware and informed of their surroundings. This makes it easier for people to trust them and follow them in their movement. Orchestrator Orchestrators are executers and hence are largely responsible for the completion of the movement that has been started by agitators and designed by innovators. The responsibility of the orchestrator is to be able to spread as well as execute the idea laid out by the innovator. Orchestrators lead the change and hence have a major role to play in the success of the movement. Orchestrators are active and highly charged up individuals who believe in taking actions (Friedrich, Griffith Mumford, 2016). They have a can-do attitude towards every problem and hence they are the ones leading. For the success of any movement, communication plays a vital role. The orchestrators must make sure that they possess excellent communication skills that can hold the people together and convince them to work towards a shared goal. Orchestrators are leaders who must lead by example and hence they are extremely passionate towards the cause of the movement. This passion comes from having the right knowledge as well as the right attitude towards the issue. These effective communication skills of the orchestrator also includes the ability to ensure that the message of the movement as well as the agenda remains the same throughout the journey of the movement. Orchestrators must work on cultivating their social ties and building deep relationships with all the stakeholders of the movement. Orchestrators possess the ability to coordinate different parties and ensure they work together in a conflict free manner (Forbes, 2017). For any social movement to succeed, it is largely valuable that the ones creating this change are united among each other and believe in the same end goal. It is hence the responsibility of the orchestrator to bring about this unity. Therefore, an orchestrator is often characterized as being a peoples person. Importance of communication in leadership Communication forms the backbone of any movement and hence is crucial to all leaderships. A transparent and honest communication system is focal for the success of a movement. It enables leaders to take the movement forward and achieve the desired results (Men, 2014). Agitators need excellent communication because they form the first step. They need to communicate the necessity of a social change. They need to mold as well as motivate people to bring about a change in status quo. Innovators on the other hand, need to formulate unique ideas and then management these ideas further so that they can be implemented. They require communication to ensure that people understand their idea and are convinced about its efficiency. Lastly, Orchestrators are the executers. They lead by example and ensure that the ideas generated have desired impacts. Orchestrators need communication to ensure that the starting message is not lost during the entire movement. They need communication to create trans parency which can instil trust and honesty in the entire course of the movement. The importance of communication to these three leaders is as given below: Flow of information For any societal movement to take place, a large number of people must unite and work towards bringing the desired change. Hence, it is also imperative that these people must have a transparent flow of information amongst each other. This ensures that all those who are a part of the movement are on the same page. Any discrepancy may lead to miscommunication and conflicts which may lead to failure of the movement and wasted efforts (Ulmer, 2012). Trust A clear flow of communication instils trust in people. Trust is crucial for the success of any movement. It is often a difficult task to challenge the status quo and such actions are faced by immense criticism. Confidential information is shared between the groups and decisions are made, often against societal norms. While undergoing such circumstances, trust in the group plays a vital role and this is only possible when honest communication is propagated within the group (Hackman Johnson, 2013). Consistency The course of any social movement can take up to several years. This is a long time and hence it is crucial that throughout the course of the movement, the main agenda as well as the process to accomplish that agenda remains the same. Long movements often witness emergence and exits of various people. Different people have a different thought process. Therefore it becomes the responsibilities of the leaders of the movement to ensure that people do not lose sight of the original idea. The movement must not water down to such an extent that it fails to address the issues that originally existed. To ensure the same, consistent, coherent and cautious communication is vital. Challenges faced by different leadership roles Agitators face many challenges in playing their role. Often, agitators find it difficult to find the right audience who believe in the issue propagated by them. They may end up triggering multiple issues that cannot come together as a cohesive cause and hence making it arduous to arrive at any conclusion. Agitators need to bring together a group of people who believe in their issue, this is not always possible. The fear of authority as well as reluctance to change are both challenges faced by agitators while addressing any societal problem. Agitators also face immense opposition and criticism from different part of the society since they become the trailblazers for change (Johnson, 2017). Being the stepping stones, they are often targeted and disparaged for creating a disruption in the status quo. Another challenge faced by agitators could be a lack of clarity of the issue. This may lead to reaching a stalled solution which affects no one. Agitators may find it difficult to gather complete knowledge of the issue at hand. They are given the responsibility to ensuring that every person involved works together towards a shared issue. However, the inability of agitators to communicate the issue effectively to the public at large will hamper the end goal and lead to the failure of the movement. Innovators Innovators lead by the responsibility of creating a plan and devising unique ideas to address the issues raised by the agitators. The innovators as well face various challenges which may cause disruption in the movement. These challenges vary from the inability to devise an executable plan to a lack of understanding of the issue raised by agitators (Smith, Fressoli Thomas, 2014). In the process of making an innovative plan, it is largely plausible that the innovators are unable to foresee the negative implications of the plan. They might also be unable to forecast the impact of their plan if implemented. The innovators may make a brilliant plan but if that plan is not executable or looks good only on the computer, then it is of no use whatsoever (Latham, 2014). There are various assumptions that need to be made while devising a plan for a social change. Also there is immense knowledge that the innovators need to possess in order to ensure that the approach devised by them is effective. Lack of that knowledge of the ability to assume is also a challenge faced by innovators. There can often be a difficulty in communication and innovators may not fully gauge the expectations of the agitators of the movement. This will make it difficult for the two to coordinate together and the strategy devised by innovators will be redundant. While proposing any solution to a problem, it is also important to understand the level of competency and ability of the orchestrators. This is often difficult and may lead to their plan not being effectively executed. Orchestrators Orchestrators are people who widespread the solution proposed by the innovators. They are consistently strategizing about how to coordinate with various stakeholders of the movement which exist both within as well as outside the movement. As the movement at hand grows, in terms of people and cost involved, as well as when the movement becomes largely complex, challenges faced by orchestrators increase drastically. Orchestrators need to bring about a massive level of coordination among various people in order to make sure that the movement is on track throughout its course and the unity among the people is maintained. Orchestrators also face the challenge of the movement drifting away from its original agenda. Most social movements often take a long time until the end goal is effectively achieved. In the meanwhile, it is plausible that the agenda of the movement shifts and the focus on shorter term objectives enhances. Sometimes, it may also happen that the passion and the aggression among people may water down with time and it then becomes the responsibility of the orchestrator to keep the bunch motivated. There are a large number of people who would be joining the movement and different times and hence it would be difficult for the orchestrator to ensure that all of them have the same vision for the movement. Orchestrators need the required patience and persistence to face the challenges and oppositions thrown at the movement by authorities in charge. They also need to resolve conflicts created within and outside the movement which leads to further challenges. Moreover, they need to take the mov ement till the end and ensure bear the brunt of the negative impact caused by the movement, which is rarely in an easy task to accomplish. Conclusion Our society has seen innumerous changes since the beginning of time. Some of these changes were mutually agreed upon by people. Some of the decisions were made by those in charge. However, majority of the changes were a result of societal revolutions which were brought about by revolutionary leaders that noticed a problem in the society and put efforts to change it. This report throws light on the three kinds of leaders that are required by every social movement. These leaders are agitators, innovators and orchestrators. Agitators articulate and identify social issues that impact people at large. They, then, put efforts into spreading awareness about the issue and motivating people to work towards bringing the change in the system. They act like disruptors who shake the status quo. Innovators device practical plans and strategies to ensure that the issues are addressed in a manner that leads to greatest impact and most efficient solutions. Orchestrators finally lead the movement and work towards bringing the desired change. They bring the plan to life and ensure its effective execution. Communication plays a key role in the successful civil-engineering of the movement. This communication involves both the communication within the movement as well as that necessary to be done outside. A transparent and honest flow of communication between various stakeholders of the movement helps in building trust and leads to a rapid as well as amicable growth of the movement (Groysberg Slind, 2012). The leaders of the movement must make sure that they the communication style, structure and message remains consistent throughout the movement. Lastly, there are various challenges faced by leaders of social revolution. Agitators may raise various issues and find it difficult to address them together. Innovators may make a beautiful but largely impractical plan of action. Orchestrators may be incompetent to follow the action plan created by the innovators. Along with these, there are various other challenges including the risk of dilution of the movement and a lack of visible result for a long time. These challenges are often demotivating for the leaders as well as other participants of the movement. Needless to say, bringing about a social change requires a large amount of persistence, patience and perseverance. Yet, they form an important aspect leading to the growth of our society. References Chatterjee, D. (2014). Leadership in innovators and defenders: the role of cognitive personality styles.Industry and Innovation,21(5), 430-453. Dhomne, S., Hall, S. P. (2012). The impact of teambuilding and leadership styles on successful project management.Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges,28(2), 65-72. Forbes, 2017, Conflict Resolution Requires Innovators and Orchestrators As Well as Agitators, https://www.forbes.com/sites/rogertrapp/2017/10/01/conflict-resolution-requires-innovators-and-orchestrators-as-well-as-agitators/#56328acb438a, retrieved on 22 January, 2018. Fowler, A. Section 3.1: Change actors and civic innovators: who triggers change? Systematizing the role of interlocutors in civic innovation processes. Friedrich, T. L., Griffith, J. A., Mumford, M. D. (2016). Collective leadership behaviors: Evaluating the leader, team network, and problem situation characteristics that influence their use.The Leadership Quarterly,27(2), 312-333. Groysberg, B., Slind, M. (2012). Leadership is a conversation.Harvard business review,90(6), 76-84. Hackman, M. Z., Johnson, C. E. (2013).Leadership: A communication perspective. Waveland Press. HBX, 2017, THE THREE TYPES OF LEADERS WHO CREATE RADICAL CHANGE, https://hbx.hbs.edu/blog/post/the-three-types-of-leaders-who-create-radical-change, retrieved on 22 January, 2018. Johnson, C. E. (2017).Meeting the ethical challenges of leadership: Casting light or shadow. Sage Publications. Latham, J. R. (2014). Leadership for quality and innovation: Challenges, theories, and a framework for future research.Quality Management Journal, 21 (1),5. Men, L. R. (2014). Strategic internal communication: Transformational leadership, communication channels, and employee satisfaction.Management Communication Quarterly,28(2), 264-284. Rucht, D. (2012). Leadership in social and political movements: a comparative exploration. InComparative Political Leadership(pp. 99-118). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Smith, A., Fressoli, M., Thomas, H. (2014). Grassroots innovation movements: challenges and contributions.Journal of Cleaner Production,63, 114-124. Stanford Social Innovation Review, 2017, Should You Agitate, Innovate, or Orchestrate? https://ssir.org/articles/entry/should_you_agitate_innovate_or_orchestrate, retrieved on 22 January, 2018. Stewart, C. J., Smith, C. A., Denton Jr, R. E. (2012).Persuasion and social movements. Waveland Press. Toch, H. (2013).The Social Psychology of Social Movements (Psychology Revivals). Routledge. Ulmer, R. R. (2012). Increasing the impact of thought leadership in crisis communication.Management Communication Quarterly,26(4), 523-542.

U.S. Economic Warfare during World War II Essay Example

U.S. Economic Warfare during World War II Essay The United States has been considered as one of the powerhouse country in the world. Its booming economy and strong leadership have been the epitome of economic and political success. But the U.S. was not always at the top of the heap. In the early 1900s, during the start of World War I, the U. S. economy was largely dependent on overseas trading but when the war broke out; it dramatically halted economic trading because they were no longer able to sell goods to other countries particularly to Britain and Germany (Hardgrove n.p). War had become an inevitable part of the history of the United States. They have engaged in several battles and confrontations with other nations and even with their fellow Americans as well. So far, the U.S. had participated in numerous wars dating back to the civil war to the present Iraq war.However, it was in the First and Second World Wars that the U.S. had a major participation that resulted in the restoration of peace and order across the globe. Also, it was during this period that the U.S. economy both experienced economic escalation and at the same time fiscal recession. It became an   unfavorable situation towards the end of the 1930s when WWI facilitated the manifestation of the Great Depression in the U.S. that resulted to an economy with a huge â€Å"disparity between U.S. productive capacity and the ability of Americans to consume† (Kauffman n.p). On the other hand, it became favorable at the time of the involvement of the Americans in World War II that triggered the elimination of unemployment and beginning of the build up of the warfare mass production that molded   the U.S. economy   to become a potent and robust economy.In the early 20th century, prior to the war, the U.S. was already under recession. For almost 11 years, the economy demonstrated little progress to get out of the fiscal slump. Every incident of recovery was immediately countered with series of economic downfalls that led U.S. to become st agnant. To mitigate the effects of the recession, the government initiated several reforms in the form of the New Deal which had two versions drafted by the administration of President Roosevelt (Vatter 7). Unfortunately, this program was not able to carry out its purpose of reducing the looming unemployment rate. At this time, there were about 8 million Americans who did not have any work to provide for themselves and their families (Schultz n.p). Being an optimist and sugarcoating the situation were the only doable actions left for the government to do in order to mask the reality. The fall of the stock market, depreciation of the value of the stocks and termination of enterprises were just some of the incidents that drained the finances and purchasing power of the   average American (â€Å"The Depression in the United States†). But there came a point when the economy slightly recovered from the economic turmoil. From 1938 to 1940, the U.S. fiscal Depression streak was mo mentarily downgraded into a recessionary status. However, this only caused a more widespread demand for the government to initiate more aggressive economic measures. Economic recovery according to Vatter, â€Å"required much more massive doses of Keynesian medicine (injections of big G) than had ever been applied by the civilian New Deal in order to finally bring full employment.† (11)Generally, the Great Depression was a period filled with all-time high taxes which paralyzed the trading and exporting to neighboring nations that badly hurt the industrial and capital realm of the U.S. economy (Kauffman n.p). But towards the outbreak of the Second World War around the early 1940’s, government spending for the impending war in Europe and Asia gradually alleviated the effects of the collapse of the economy. From the commencement of the war until its culmination, the U.S. economy had taken advantage of the many fiscal opportunities that transformed the depressed economy int o a booming economy (Vatter 9).The wartime economy had brought dramatic changes in the lives of many Americans. First, full time employment was made available thus raising the â€Å"overall standard of living.† Second, labor union membership expanded from 10 million before the start of the war to 15 million members in total when the war ended, thus making labor union movements more powerful. Third, agricultural profits soared but the quantity of farmers declined because most of them opted to work in city factories. Lastly, the investements made during wartime seemed to have proven the assumptions of Keynesian economics (Modern American Poetry ). U.S involvement in the war â€Å"brought into operation Keynesian deficit spending of sufficient magnitude to end twelve years of mass unemployment† (Vatter 14). More so,The stimulating effect of World War II on the US economy is frequently cited as the spark that brought and end to the Great Depression, but it was not just a s park. Defense spending was the difference between the depressed 1930s and the booming 1940s. (Hooks 2)In effect, the economic boost combined with the World War II participation of the U.S. have altered the American society. Government officials were so overwhelmed by the their involvement in the war that they have neglected to launch economic and social reforms needed in order to sustain their fiscal growth. As a result, longer working days were prompted to increase the industrial production. Also, to lessen the possibility of having labor scarcity, the federal government â€Å"ignored laws regulating the employment of children and women.† As a result, the number of school dropouts skyrocketed and about 1 million of them comprised the labor workforce of the entire country. As the government continued to focus on wartime spending, the living condition of most Americans started to decline because of the cutbacks made on the implementation of social reforms. Poverty began to be a concern amidst high wages. It had been   â€Å"reported that 20 million Americans were on the border of subsistence and starvation and 25% of all employed Americans earned less than 64 cents an hour, while skilled workers often earned $7 or $8 an hour† (â€Å"The Depression in the United States†).Regardless of the social reform setbacks, civilian employment opportunities remained high as the war progressed. There was a dramatic surge in employment rate in the private and military industry while unemployment fell â€Å"from over 8 million to about 1 million, even as the civilian labor force held constant at about 56 million† (Vatter 17). This indicated that the economy of the United States has completely recovered from its recessionary state 5 years ago. Government spending on the warfare had clearly paid off resulting to a historical increase in mass production that produced large amounts of national profits as well as individual disposable incomes and at th e same time have upgraded the labor conditions.The victory of the Allied forces brought peace and order throughout the world. Howecer, in the US, it was a different story. Many believed that since the war was over, production will be lessened since there will be no more need for generating war equipment. But this was just one of the few side effects of the war. However, in the larger scale, â€Å"the war had not only decisively ended the Great Depression, but it created the conditions for productive postwar cooperation between the federal government, private enterprise, and organized labor, the parties whose tripartite collaboration helped engender continued economic growth after the war† (Tassava n.p).Since the U.S. became an economic powerhouse, American government officials decided to be of help to countries devastated by the war to indirectly show to the world that they are in control of the global economic activities.   They gave financial aid to Europe amounting to â €Å"13 billion through the Economic Recovery Program (ERP) or the Marshall Plan from 1947 to 1951.†Ã‚   Japan also received $1.8 billion in 1945. The Americans linked the economic restoration of West Germany, Great Britain, France and Japan with their own import and export needs to further their economic goals (Tassava n.p).As Alan Milward, an economic historian, had said;â€Å"the United States emerged in 1945 in an incomparably stronger position economically than in 1941 By 1945 the foundations of the United States economic domination over the next quarter of a century had been secured† This may have been the most influential consequence of the Second World War for the post-war world.† (qtd. in Tassava â€Å"The American Economy during World War II†)After the Second World War, the United States emerged as the worlds largest, and strongest, economy. U.S. citizens were assured that their economy will never go back to its depression days. Their fruits of la bor have produced the â€Å"the largest peacetime trade surplus in American history and the gross national product grew to a record $482.7 billion by the end of the 1950s† (â€Å"United States Economy†).World War II saved the United States from further economic turmoil. Without it, mass production would have not materialized thus the supply of millions of employment to many Americans would have not at all been possible. It can be surmised that this historical event was a blessing in disguise for the U.S. It served as the catalyst that forever configured the U.S. economic system and the American society. If it there have not been a war, the need to mass produce would not have materialized and that the U.S. could have remained inactive and unproductive for a long time leaving their potentials and resources unexplored.   More so, most Americans benefited and enjoyed the advantages of having a thriving economy. As a result, the U.S. became the center for wealth and devel opment and their way of living have become an international standard that other nations adhere and aspire to achieve. Clearly, the economic warfare of the 1940s have greatly affected the U.S. position as the leading country in the world.Works CitedHardgrove, Kristen. â€Å"United States Involvement in WWI.† 12 November 2007. 26 May 2008 http://www.socyberty.com/History/United-States-Involvement-in-WWI. 57905.Hooks, Gregory. Forging the Military-Industrial Complex: World War II’s Battle of the Potomac. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1991.Kauffman, Kristina. â€Å"Modern American Economic History†. 26 May 2008 http://members.aol.com/kmkauffman/EconRead.htm.Schultz, Stanley. â€Å"American History 102.† 1999. Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System. 26 May 2008 http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/lectures/lecture21.html.Tassava, Christopher. â€Å"The American Economy during World War II.† EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Wh aples. 26 May 2008 http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/tassava.WWII.â€Å"The Depression in the United States.† Modern American Poetry.   26 May 2008 http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/depression/overview.htm.â€Å"United States Economy.† 2007. Encyclopedia of the Nations. 26 May 2008 http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/United-States-ECONOMY.html.Vatter, Herald G. The US Economy in World War II. New York: Columbia University Press, 1985. U.S. Economic Warfare during World War II Essay Example U.S. Economic Warfare during World War II Essay The United States has been considered as one of the powerhouse country in the world. Its booming economy and strong leadership have been the epitome of economic and political success. But the U.S. was not always at the top of the heap. In the early 1900s, during the start of World War I, the U. S. economy was largely dependent on overseas trading but when the war broke out; it dramatically halted economic trading because they were no longer able to sell goods to other countries particularly to Britain and Germany (Hardgrove n.p). War had become an inevitable part of the history of the United States. They have engaged in several battles and confrontations with other nations and even with their fellow Americans as well. So far, the U.S. had participated in numerous wars dating back to the civil war to the present Iraq war.However, it was in the First and Second World Wars that the U.S. had a major participation that resulted in the restoration of peace and order across the globe. Also, it was during this period that the U.S. economy both experienced economic escalation and at the same time fiscal recession. It became an   unfavorable situation towards the end of the 1930s when WWI facilitated the manifestation of the Great Depression in the U.S. that resulted to an economy with a huge â€Å"disparity between U.S. productive capacity and the ability of Americans to consume† (Kauffman n.p). On the other hand, it became favorable at the time of the involvement of the Americans in World War II that triggered the elimination of unemployment and beginning of the build up of the warfare mass production that molded   the U.S. economy   to become a potent and robust economy.In the early 20th century, prior to the war, the U.S. was already under recession. For almost 11 years, the economy demonstrated little progress to get out of the fiscal slump. Every incident of recovery was immediately countered with series of economic downfalls that led U.S. to become st agnant. To mitigate the effects of the recession, the government initiated several reforms in the form of the New Deal which had two versions drafted by the administration of President Roosevelt (Vatter 7). Unfortunately, this program was not able to carry out its purpose of reducing the looming unemployment rate. At this time, there were about 8 million Americans who did not have any work to provide for themselves and their families (Schultz n.p). Being an optimist and sugarcoating the situation were the only doable actions left for the government to do in order to mask the reality. The fall of the stock market, depreciation of the value of the stocks and termination of enterprises were just some of the incidents that drained the finances and purchasing power of the   average American (â€Å"The Depression in the United States†). But there came a point when the economy slightly recovered from the economic turmoil. From 1938 to 1940, the U.S. fiscal Depression streak was mo mentarily downgraded into a recessionary status. However, this only caused a more widespread demand for the government to initiate more aggressive economic measures. Economic recovery according to Vatter, â€Å"required much more massive doses of Keynesian medicine (injections of big G) than had ever been applied by the civilian New Deal in order to finally bring full employment.† (11)Generally, the Great Depression was a period filled with all-time high taxes which paralyzed the trading and exporting to neighboring nations that badly hurt the industrial and capital realm of the U.S. economy (Kauffman n.p). But towards the outbreak of the Second World War around the early 1940’s, government spending for the impending war in Europe and Asia gradually alleviated the effects of the collapse of the economy. From the commencement of the war until its culmination, the U.S. economy had taken advantage of the many fiscal opportunities that transformed the depressed economy int o a booming economy (Vatter 9).The wartime economy had brought dramatic changes in the lives of many Americans. First, full time employment was made available thus raising the â€Å"overall standard of living.† Second, labor union membership expanded from 10 million before the start of the war to 15 million members in total when the war ended, thus making labor union movements more powerful. Third, agricultural profits soared but the quantity of farmers declined because most of them opted to work in city factories. Lastly, the investements made during wartime seemed to have proven the assumptions of Keynesian economics (Modern American Poetry ). U.S involvement in the war â€Å"brought into operation Keynesian deficit spending of sufficient magnitude to end twelve years of mass unemployment† (Vatter 14). More so,The stimulating effect of World War II on the US economy is frequently cited as the spark that brought and end to the Great Depression, but it was not just a s park. Defense spending was the difference between the depressed 1930s and the booming 1940s. (Hooks 2)In effect, the economic boost combined with the World War II participation of the U.S. have altered the American society. Government officials were so overwhelmed by the their involvement in the war that they have neglected to launch economic and social reforms needed in order to sustain their fiscal growth. As a result, longer working days were prompted to increase the industrial production. Also, to lessen the possibility of having labor scarcity, the federal government â€Å"ignored laws regulating the employment of children and women.† As a result, the number of school dropouts skyrocketed and about 1 million of them comprised the labor workforce of the entire country. As the government continued to focus on wartime spending, the living condition of most Americans started to decline because of the cutbacks made on the implementation of social reforms. Poverty began to be a concern amidst high wages. It had been   â€Å"reported that 20 million Americans were on the border of subsistence and starvation and 25% of all employed Americans earned less than 64 cents an hour, while skilled workers often earned $7 or $8 an hour† (â€Å"The Depression in the United States†).Regardless of the social reform setbacks, civilian employment opportunities remained high as the war progressed. There was a dramatic surge in employment rate in the private and military industry while unemployment fell â€Å"from over 8 million to about 1 million, even as the civilian labor force held constant at about 56 million† (Vatter 17). This indicated that the economy of the United States has completely recovered from its recessionary state 5 years ago. Government spending on the warfare had clearly paid off resulting to a historical increase in mass production that produced large amounts of national profits as well as individual disposable incomes and at th e same time have upgraded the labor conditions.The victory of the Allied forces brought peace and order throughout the world. Howecer, in the US, it was a different story. Many believed that since the war was over, production will be lessened since there will be no more need for generating war equipment. But this was just one of the few side effects of the war. However, in the larger scale, â€Å"the war had not only decisively ended the Great Depression, but it created the conditions for productive postwar cooperation between the federal government, private enterprise, and organized labor, the parties whose tripartite collaboration helped engender continued economic growth after the war† (Tassava n.p).Since the U.S. became an economic powerhouse, American government officials decided to be of help to countries devastated by the war to indirectly show to the world that they are in control of the global economic activities.   They gave financial aid to Europe amounting to â €Å"13 billion through the Economic Recovery Program (ERP) or the Marshall Plan from 1947 to 1951.†Ã‚   Japan also received $1.8 billion in 1945. The Americans linked the economic restoration of West Germany, Great Britain, France and Japan with their own import and export needs to further their economic goals (Tassava n.p).As Alan Milward, an economic historian, had said;â€Å"the United States emerged in 1945 in an incomparably stronger position economically than in 1941 By 1945 the foundations of the United States economic domination over the next quarter of a century had been secured† This may have been the most influential consequence of the Second World War for the post-war world.† (qtd. in Tassava â€Å"The American Economy during World War II†)After the Second World War, the United States emerged as the worlds largest, and strongest, economy. U.S. citizens were assured that their economy will never go back to its depression days. Their fruits of la bor have produced the â€Å"the largest peacetime trade surplus in American history and the gross national product grew to a record $482.7 billion by the end of the 1950s† (â€Å"United States Economy†).World War II saved the United States from further economic turmoil. Without it, mass production would have not materialized thus the supply of millions of employment to many Americans would have not at all been possible. It can be surmised that this historical event was a blessing in disguise for the U.S. It served as the catalyst that forever configured the U.S. economic system and the American society. If it there have not been a war, the need to mass produce would not have materialized and that the U.S. could have remained inactive and unproductive for a long time leaving their potentials and resources unexplored.   More so, most Americans benefited and enjoyed the advantages of having a thriving economy. As a result, the U.S. became the center for wealth and devel opment and their way of living have become an international standard that other nations adhere and aspire to achieve. Clearly, the economic warfare of the 1940s have greatly affected the U.S. position as the leading country in the world.Works CitedHardgrove, Kristen. â€Å"United States Involvement in WWI.† 12 November 2007. 26 May 2008 http://www.socyberty.com/History/United-States-Involvement-in-WWI. 57905.Hooks, Gregory. Forging the Military-Industrial Complex: World War II’s Battle of the Potomac. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1991.Kauffman, Kristina. â€Å"Modern American Economic History†. 26 May 2008 http://members.aol.com/kmkauffman/EconRead.htm.Schultz, Stanley. â€Å"American History 102.† 1999. Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System. 26 May 2008 http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/lectures/lecture21.html.Tassava, Christopher. â€Å"The American Economy during World War II.† EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Wh aples. 26 May 2008 http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/tassava.WWII.â€Å"The Depression in the United States.† Modern American Poetry.   26 May 2008 http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/depression/overview.htm.â€Å"United States Economy.† 2007. Encyclopedia of the Nations. 26 May 2008 http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/United-States-ECONOMY.html.Vatter, Herald G. The US Economy in World War II. New York: Columbia University Press, 1985.

Bi-lingual Education Example

Bi Bi Bilingual Education The website d â€Å"Bilingual Education: A critique†, by Peter J. Duignan, is an educational site that evaluates the evolution of bilingual education since the Civil Right Act of 1968 and Bilingual Education Act of 1968. Its purpose is therefore to educate. The author of has analyzed the practice of bilingual education by giving its background arguments for and against it, and a constructive approach of multicultural as well as multilingual education. In addition, Duignan has considered the appropriateness of bilingual education based on established claims and profiled Latinos. Several bilingual education advocates have been identified and their opinions discussed (Duignan). Hoover Institution press website associates itself with this publication by Duignan. It provides a summary of â€Å"Bilingual Education: A critique†, which indicates the development of bilingual education (Duignan). Peter J. Duignan, a prolific writer, is a senior member at the H oover Institution. Duignan has a masters and doctoral degrees in history from Stanford University. He is an associate of the Stanford University African Studies Committee and the Council of European Studies (Duignan). Duignan is also a member of African Studies Association, Association of Research Libraries, East Studies Association, American History Association, and Royal Historical Society, among others. Duignan has comprehensive publications on relative colonial history, immigration, African bibliography and documentation, modern European history, U.S. foreign policy, Atlantic Alliance, as well as Hispanics in the United States. Duignan’s current publications include Bilingual Education: A Critique, The Spanish Speakers in the United States: A History, NATO: Its Past, Present and Future as well as African and the World. Peter J. Duignan has received several awards, which include the Rockefeller Foundation award, international fellowship, Guggenheim fellowship, and Ford for eign area fellowship to Africa (Duignan). The website is funded by the Hoover Institution of Stanford University. The article by Duignan is under the monographs of Hoover Institution’s publications. Furthermore, the article’s copyright is owned by the Board of Trustees of Leland Stanford Junior University. I believe that the information contained in the publication is correct considering the author’s credentials. Duignan provides precise details of bilingual education while referencing the instance of their occurrence. Additionally, Duignan has based his work on other accredited findings as well as publications (Duignan).Work CitedDuignan, Peter J. "Bilingual Education: A Critique." 1998. . 27 October 2011.

The Language of Reality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

The Language of Reality - Essay Example Beyond elementary semantic structures numerous sub-layers of meaning and communication exist to both enrich and complicate the way in which we interact and express our ideas and emotions. It is not what we say, but how we say it. The world of artificial intelligence and its struggle to embrace the complexities of everyday communication shows just how interdependent language, external cultural foces and the personal realm of experience can be. A simple de-coding or patterning of linguistic structures as we understand them is barely enough to compose the bare bones of the seemingly simple ways in which we communicate. The gap between intention and reception can create a crossfire of miscommunication - where meaning becomes alienated from form and the most intangible aspects of speech are cast into the spotlight. In the theoretical space between intention and reception - where communication can either prosper or become fragmented - lie determinants such as perception and recognition. We therefore largely depend upon these two elements to formulate successful interactions, and to form the fabric of what we perceive as reality - in the sense that we depend upon information to guide, instruct, elucidate and define the world around us. Sayre (1965, p. 177), examines the distinction between perception and recognition - and the roles they play in our understanding and interpretation of the world around us: "According to the theory outlined in Plato "Meno" and Phaedo, acquisition of knowledge is a matter of recollection or recognition. As someone comes to know that about which he has been ignorant, he "cognizes again" .... If I have never seen, been told about, read about or in some other way come to know about gooseberries, then upon seeing a gooseberry for the first time I scarcely could be said to recognize it. The next time I see a gooseberry I probably will recognize it, if not by name then at least as an object of the sort I had seen some time previously. But if the first time one perceives an object is the first time one has ever been cognitively aware of such an object, perforce at that time one does not recognize it. It is commonplace, on the other hand, that we perceive objects which we have never perceived before, nor learned about in any other way." In this understanding of recognition and perception, the act of recognition is, by definition, rooted in the realm of memory and past experience. Memory, it is generally accepted, tends towards subjectivity, embellishment and is often powerfully influenced by the emotions or mindset that were in force at the time when the incident occured. It follows that recognition is unreliable as an objective conduit for accurately conveying intended meaning - as it will always be influenced by a recipient's internalised framework of understanding. In this way, the eventual meaning conveyed by a piece of information is outside of the control of the speaker or communicator from the moment the idea leaves their immediate sphere and enters a communication channel - whether that channel be through the medium of speech, or through a technological pathway such as the internet. Once a piece of information is liberated from the person in possession of its intended meaning - it immediately falls prey to the co-authorship of social context and recipient subjectivity. Caught in a fragmented point of juncture between initial source, external influences and final perception and recognition - a message is defined and understood by a melange of often contradictory 'realities'1 which - by way of their very merger and interconnectedness -

Leadership Styles Of Director Of Social Services Dissertation - 1

Leadership Styles Of Director Of Social Services - Dissertation Example In 2011, the International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics confirmed this, further adding that there is a crisis of leadership in nursing home practice because employment for care professionals in these institutions are often equated with low prestige, leading to inadequate supply of professionals capable of meeting the demands of nursing home residents (Tolson, et al., p. 185). This trend is unfortunate because studies demonstrate that knowledgeable and effective leaders are critical in addressing challenges in the operation of a healthcare establishment such as those related to organizational culture and structure (Grabowski et al., (2010). There is an increase in scholarly attention with respect to the relationship between leadership style and the quality of nursing care, but empirical studies are still in their infancy. This theme is, of course, comprehensively covered in other fields, particularly in business and healthcare industry. However, there is an imperative for specificity. Effective social services administration calls for a model or a standard leadership framework that would lead to the identification of managerial abilities, strategies, and behavior that positively impacts the incidence and quality of organizational/institutional outcomes. So the question of interest involves whether leadership style(s) positively impacts the well-being of nursing home residents. Research indicates that substantive control by the administrative leader on the care, quality, and services have the significant impact on the psychosocial well-being of nursing home residents (Allen, 2008). Success in nursing home care depends on the performance of the management team.

How Is Animal Abuse Linked to Human Abuse Essay Example for Free

How Is Animal Abuse Linked to Human Abuse Essay How is animal abuse linked to human abuse? What is animal abuse? Abuse is define to be a misuse or mistreatment and attempt to harm another person or thing. Several studies have shown that animal abuse and neglect may indicate that others in the home maybe at risk of abuse and neglect, also. Abuse has become a common place across the nation and taking on many different forms of abuse. It is believed that animals as well as humans have every right to a good life just as those who physically, psychologically, and sexually perform such act against them. Physical abuse is known as to involving contact intended to cause feelings of intimidation, injury, or other physical suffering or bodily harm. It is said, â€Å"Physical abuse is when a person hits, slam, pulls hair, harms by use of weaponry, murder, bites, or burns. Whereas physical neglect is failure or delay to provide healthcare, abandonment an expulsion. Neglect is also includes leaving a child under inadequate supervision, nutrition, hygiene and clothing as well as in regards to safety and welfare†(Jilani. Difference between Abuse and Neglect. May 6, 2010) Animal and human abuse fall hand in hand when coming to such situations. There are countless abuse cases of animals being cared for with cruelty and has related in every situation involving a human. Both relate very similarly when being faced with such harmful and abusive environment. The pain, suffering and death upon an animal being physically abused can compare to a human being physically abused by their spouse or one who is the abuser. The list can go on different ways an individual will perform acts of abuse toward the subjects. Thesis statement: In today’s society, cruelty towards animals is a growing epidemic because people do not have the value this worth of animal life. These acts of have placed many innocent lives into danger and until this day it still occurs. Studies have shown that â€Å"In 88 percent of 53 families where various forms of child abuse had taken place, animal abuse had also occurred. In two thirds of these families the animal abuser was the father figure; in one third it was a child. The researchers suggested that, in s uch cases, pet abuse by children was often a manifestation of children was often a manifestation of children’s response to their own victimization; a replication of the dynamics of their own abuse  on powerless pet figures. Of 233 British families with a history of animals neglect. In one study of battered women, 57 percent of those with pets said their partners had harmed or killed the animals. One in four said that she stayed with the batterer because she feared leaving the pet behind† (Pet-Abuse.com, 2001) These are the relationships of animals and humans when in dealing in such physical within a household or just an abuser who has no heart to give proper care for one of the two. This article also states of families who are being abused by other members within the family hood would tend to do the same well aware of his or her actions and is careless of their actions. Here is where an individual’s rights will come into play to protect themselves from being harmed in every way such. An animal should be given every equal right to live a good life and be given the nurture and care that is needed. There are lists of abuses an animal or human may face on a daily basis but another abuse that is popular in dealing with abuse cases is being psychologically abused. Psychological abuse is defined as emotional or mental abuse. These two characters of abuse basically are being abused imperceptibly when dealing with the mind. This is known to be more harmful only due to it affecting how a person may think and feel about themselves. An animal abuse in a psychological form may be similar. The abuser will teach the animal of thinking in ways that may cause the innocent animal to feel harmed and afraid. In this type of environment an animal or human might believe what the abuser is saying and continue to follow with the mentality of feeling frightful that if they disobey they will be abused. It states that â€Å"the abuser projects their word, attitude or actions onto an unsuspecting victim usually because they themselves have not dealt with childhood wounds that are now causing them to h arm others† (BOGDANOS, 2013). There is huge relationship of animal being abused linked to a human that is sin the same position. They will be verbally being hit with harsh words that will hurt how they will react to such abusive actions psychologically. As we understand that being psychologically abused may not cause physical damage but it may cause those being abused pain and scarring. The National Coalition against Domestic Violence stated â€Å"Psychological abuse is the systematic perpetration of malicious and explicit nonphysical health of the  victim and victim’s loved ones, controlling the victim’s freedom, and effectively acting to destabilize or isolate the victim. Psychological abuse frequently occurs prior to or concurrently with physical or sexually abuse. While psychological abuse increases the trauma of physical and sexual abuse, a number of studies have demonstrated that psychological abuse independently causes long-term damage to its victims, mental health† (VIOLENCE,2005-2011). This can lead into an unhealthy relationship if the abusiveness continues and may result into physical violence. It can result in depression, problems with self-esteem, poor sleep, alcohol or drug use, and becoming suicidal, among other things. People who are being abused may feel absolutely trapped in a relationship that they cannot escape, and begin to feel that they somehow deserve the abuse. Being abused with your emotions and mind may cause a thing or person to believe even more the self –esteem drops, you lose confidence and you find it hard to get back on the right track of mind. A few example of psychological abuse as stated in a site are â€Å"emotional abuse includes non-physical behaviors such as threats, insults, constant monitoring or â€Å"checking in†, excessive texting, humiliation, intimidation, isolation or stalking† (loveisrespect.org, 2007-2013). It is when someone’s insult and disrespect you verbally. It causes a person pain mentally and emotionally. Effects that may occur in facing psychological abuse are well known to those who are the abuser and to every other individually who is willing lend a helping in saving a life. There may be a list of ways to heal and solve the iss ue of being abused but it is up to the individually that will not let anyone nor their words or actions falter you from living life. Last but not least another link of abuse between animals and humans is sexual abuse. The American Psychological Association defines sexual abuse as â€Å"sexual abuse is unwanted sexual activity, with perpetrators using force, making threats or taking advantage of victims not able to give consent. Most victims and perpetrators know each other. Immediate reactions to sexual abuse include shock, fear or disbelief. Long-term symptoms include anxiety, fear or post-traumatic stress disorder. While efforts to treat sex offenders remain unpromising, psychological interventions for survivors, especially group therapy that appears effective† (ASSOCISTION, 2013). This information has shared quite a link between animals and humans when dealing with sexual  abuse. The relationship of being sexually abused is similar. For instance, the abuser will force themselves unto an animal or human and perform unwanted acts sexually that is not pleasing and very harmful to this innocent life. There are many other relationships as of humans performing sexual activity upon animals, which are against the law and should not even be thought upon in the first place. Others may be of another human against another human. They may show sexual abusive actions that may cause fear to the victim and forcefully perform such actions. These are some ways that are mostly known of how animals or humans may be sexually abused. Some could be of two individuals who practically know each other well, but one may feel in need of sexual activity and will forcefully do so while the victim is refusing. Here is another infamous way that we most often hear when it comes down it sexu al abuse. Sexual abuse has been around for many of years. As for animals, there are several of reasons why humans sexually abuse animals. They use animals as to experiments, in pornography, as sexual partner to gain satisfaction of their wants of pleasures and needs. For these reasons it has become as to force an animal, physical violence involves the use of animals for degradation and sexual exploitation of the battered partner. According to Lenore Walker (1979), bestiality may be a part of further tormenting and humiliating the victim. In Walker’s (1984) interviews with battered women, bestiality was mentioned as one of the â€Å"unusual sex acts† desired by their partners, it was found that this experience occurred with 41% of the battering partners and 5% of the non-battering partners. Child sexual abusers may also sexually abuse animals to enhance, expand or extend the abuse of the genuinely powerless and unsuspecting victim (Adam, 1994). Some case studies of sexual abuse of children include reports of forcing children to interact sexually with animals (Ascione, 1993). A child’s sexual abuse of an animal may be a warning sign that the child is a victim or witness of physical, sexual or emotional abuse† (SHEET). In conclusion, we have come to an understanding of all the different types if animal and within this research. As we know that the rate of abused animals and humans has risen dramatically over the past years. There has not  been much of a change from a day basis. Physical abuse as we all knows that it is the most well-known form of abuse that is being faced and is the traumatic one deal with. In other cases, Psychological abuse is another serious form of abuse although it is not as harmful as being physically abused. As to being sexually abused is another form which adds on to the list of abuses. These few forms have not only harmed innocent lives but have caused so much hurt and taken time away to heal. Animals and humans may be saved if dealt and prevented in the early stages of abuse. Others times it might be too late which may cost one to lose their life over carelessness and being mistreated or misused. Today’s society continue to strive in searching for ways to save lives of those being abused and to educate those in whom are abusers of what wrong doings they have become. Being that animals are not humans but their relationship is similar to each other and how they are treated. This is why I believe that animals and humans should be treated equally along with the rights against abusers in order to save their innocent lives from falling into hands of the abusers. References ASSOCIATION, A.P. (2013). SEXUAL ABUSE. Retrieved from AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION: http://www.apa.org/topics/sexual-abuse/ BOGDANOS, M. (2013, 05 31). SIGNS OF EMOTIONAL ABUSE. Retrieved from PSCH CENTRAL: http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2013/02/20/signs-of-emotional-abuse/ Loveisrespect.org. (2007-2013). Emotional and verbal abuse. Retrived feom loveisrespect.org: http://www.loveisrespect.org/is-this-abuse/types-of-abuse/what-is-emotional-verbal-abuse Pet-Abuse.com. (2001). Pet-Abuse.com. Retrieved from Pet-Abuse.com: http://www.pet- abuse.com/pages/abused_connection/whole_pictures.php SHEET, A. S. (n.d). ANIMAL SEXUAL ABUSE FACTS SHEET. Retrived from ANIMAL SEXUAL ABUSE FACTS SHEET: http://www.vactf.org/pdfs/bestiality-factsheet.pdf VIOLENCE, N.C. (2005-2011). PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE. Retrieved from NATIONAL COALITION AGAINST DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: http://www.ncadv.org/files/Psychological Abuse.pdf